INTRODUCTION: The size and organization of the legion, campaign attrition ; From maniple to cohort: the cohort's functional identity ; command structure ; Basic battle formations ; Intervals in the battle line: control and cohesion ; the interval as a channel for attack and a defensive trap ; the size of intervals
LEGIONARY BATTLE LINES AND MANOEUVRES: Simplex acies: Forum Gallorum 43 BC ; Ruspina, 46 BC ; Carrhae, 53 BC: disastrous result of the abandonment of the simplex acies ; Duplex acies: Ilerda, 49 BC ; Maximinus' agmen quadratum, AD 238 ; Arrian's array against the Alans, AD 135 ; Triplex and quadruplex aces: Ilerda, 49 BC ; the {muthul}, 109 BC ; Chaeronea, 86 BC ; Pistoria, 62 BC ; Caesar in Gaul, 58 BC ; Pharsalus, 48 BC: the devotio ; Uzzita, 46 BC ; the Rhyndacus, 85 BC: use of field entrenchments ;Thapsus, 46 BC: mixed triplex arid qudruplex acies ; Second Philippi, 42 BC ; Detached forces and surprise attacks: Tigranocerta 69 BC ; Aquae Sextiae, 102 BC: the morale value of noise ; Lauron, 76 BC ; Segovia, 75 BC: the refused centre ; Downhill and uphill charges: Mts Armanus & Gindarus, 39 & 38 BC ; Illerda and Dyrrachium, 49 and 48 BC ; First Philippi, 42 BC ; Mons Graupius, 84 AD
OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE FORMATIONS: The cuneus and 'pig's head': use at Bonn, AD 69 ; in Britain AD 61; at Cremona, AD 69 ; The obis: use at Cirta, 105 BC ; by Sabinus and Cotta, 54 BC ; by Caesar in Britain, 55 BC ; by Chariovalda in Germany, AD 16 ; by legio XXXVI at Nicopolis, 47 BC ; at Adretum, AD 9 ; on the Danube, AD 173/174 ; The testudo: use at Issus, AD 194 ; at Daphne, AD 272 ; at Cremona, AD 69 ; The agmen quadratum and testudo: in Mark Antony's retreat from Media, 36 BC ; failure against Ardashir, AD 233
EPILOGUE: Adrianople, AD 313 ; Ctesiphon, AD 363.
