The Balkans: from Constantinople to Communism

Era of Byzantine hegemony, 600-1355

East Romans, Slavs, and Bulgars ; First Bulgarian Empire ; Byzantium declines ; Serbia preeminent

Era of Ottoman domination, 1355-1804

Ottoman conquest ; Ottoman system ; Balkan peoples under the Ottomans ; Ottoman destabilization

Era of romantic nationalism, 1804-1878

Rise of romantic nationalism ; Revolutions and resurrected states ; Ottoman reform efforts ; Eastern question

Era of nation-state nationalism, 1878-1945

Early nation-states ; National conflicts ; World War I and Versailles ; Interwar years and World War II

Era of Communist domination, 1945-1991

Communist takeover ; Greek exception ; Splits in Socialism ; Communist decline and collapse.

Era of Byzantine hegemony, 600-1355.

Era of Ottoman domination, 1355-1804.

Era of romantic nationalism, 1804-1878.

Era of nation-state nationalism, 1878-1945.

Era of communist domination, 1945-1991.